Carbohydrates+Honors

=Carbohydrate Topics=

The simplest carbohydrates are **monosaccharides** (one sugar molecule)

Two simple sugars are **disaccharides**, two monosaccharides


 * Glucose**: A blood sugar used as an energy source




 * Polysaccharides:** Polysaccharides are made up of three or more monosaccharides and are used in photosynthesis. They are also made of glucose.
 * Carbohydrates**: Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. They are found in all living organisms with a 1:2:1 ratio.


 * Maltose**: Maltose is a malt sugar. It is a common disaccharide made of 2 glucose molecules.
 * Lactose**: Lactose is a milk sugar. It is a disaccharide formed of glucose and the monosaccharide galactose.
 * Sucrose**: Sucrose is table sugar. It is the most familiar disaccharide and contains glucose and the monosaccharide fructose.
 * Starches**: Starches are polysaccharides. They are complex carbohydrates commonly formed by plants Starches serve as an energy storage and carbon reserve compound in many plants and is an important food source for humans


 * Cellulose**: Cellulose is a polysaccharide. It is a complex carbohydrate commonly formed by plants. Cellulose is a structural molecule found in rigid walls surrounding plant cells and is an important part wood and cotton fibers
 * Glycogen**: Glycogen is also known as **Animal Starch**. Molecules of glycogen consist of thousands of glucose units and have no fixed size.

== Plant Starch-. In plants starch is produced by photosynthesis. It’s one of the forms in which plants store food.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants use the sun’s energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.



Cellular respiration: chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy stored in organic molecules into another form of chemical energy-adenosine triphosphate (ATP).The cells in plants and animals use ATP as their main energy source.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration recycle chemicals such as: water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, organic matters like glucose. Cellular respiration also produces water and carbon dioxide.

Carbon Hydrogen: A single unreactive bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms, which is most commonly found in organic matter. Oxygen: element in which substances cannot be broken down into another smaller substance. Oxygen makes up 64% of the human body. Oxygen is the byproduct of photosynthesis, and our byproduct is carbon dioxide, which the plants absorb and use, the same as us using the oxygen.

Energy Source: Source of energy comes from the sun’s rays, and plants take in the heat energy by attracting it with the chloroform in their leaves etc. Chloroform is the green pigmentation in the plant that uses the heat energy to produce glucose, which is the plants, main source of food.

1:2:1 : Sugars contain the elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen. The molecular formula for any carbohydrate is a multiple of the simple formula, CH**2**O.



=CARBOHYDRATES= MALTOSE LACTOSE SUCROSE STARCHES GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE ANIMAL STARCH PLANT STARCH PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN 1:2:1 ENERGY SOURCE

SHORT TERM ENERGY STORAGE
=SUGARS= =TWO MONOSACCHARIDES=

SIMPLE SUGAR
=DISACCHARIDE= =THREE OR MORE MONOSACCHARIDES=

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
GLUCOSE HYDROLYSIS